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* |casualties2 = 2,044 Palestinians killed * * * 882 alleged collaborators were killed by other Palestinians〔(''Israel, the Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the Palestinian Authority Territories,'' ) Human Rights Watch Vol.13, No.4 December 2001〕 }} The First Intifada or First Palestinian Intifada (also known as simply as "the intifada" or "intifadah") was a Palestinian uprising against the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza,〔Lockman; Beinin (1989), p. (5. )〕 which lasted from December 1987 until the Madrid Conference in 1991, though some date its conclusion to 1993, with the signing of the Oslo Accords.〔Nami Nasrallah, 'The First and Second Palestinian ''intifadas'',' in David Newman, Joel Peters (eds.) (''Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,'' ) Routledge, 2013, pp.56–67, p.56.〕 The uprising began on 9 December, in the Jabalia refugee camp after a traffic incident when an Israeli Defense Forces' (IDF) truck collided with a civilian car, killing four Palestinians.〔Michail Omer-Man (The accident that sparked an Intifada ), 12/04/2011〕〔David McDowall,''Palestine and Israel: The Uprising and Beyond,'' University of California Press, 1989 p.1〕 In the wake of the incident, a protest movement arose, involving a two-fold strategy of resistance and civil disobedience,〔Ruth Margolies Beitler, ( ''The Path to Mass Rebellion: An Analysis of Two Intifadas,'' ) Lexington Books, 2004 p.xi.〕 consisting of general strikes, boycotts of Israeli Civil Administration institutions in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, an economic boycott consisting of refusal to work in Israeli settlements on Israeli products, refusal to pay taxes, refusal to drive Palestinian cars with Israeli licenses, graffiti, barricading,〔(BBC: A History of Conflict )〕〔Walid Salem, 'Human Security from Below: Palestinian Citizens Protection Strategies, 1988–2005 ,' in Monica den Boer, Jaap de Wilde (eds.), ''The Viability of Human Security,''Amsterdam University Press, 2008 pp.179–201 p.190.〕 and widespread throwing of stones and Molotov cocktails at the IDF and its infrastructure within the Palestinian territories. Israel, deploying some 80,000 soldiers and initially firing live rounds, killed a large numbers of Palestinians. In the first 13 months, 332 Palestinians and 12 Israelis were killed.〔 Given the high proportion of children, youths and civilians killed, it then adopted a policy of 'might, power, and beatings,' namely "breaking Palestinians' bones".〔Audrey Kurth Cronin 'Endless wars and no surrender,' in Holger Afflerbach,Hew Strachan (eds.) (''How Fighting Ends: A History of Surrender,'' ) Oxford University Press 2012 pp.417–433 p.426.〕〔 The global diffusion of images of soldiers beating adolescents with clubs then led to the adoption of firing semi-lethal plastic bullets.〔 In the intifada's first year, Israeli security forces killed 311 Palestinians, of which 53 were under the age of 17.〔 Over the first two years, according to Save the Children, an estimated 7% of all Palestinians under 18 years of age suffered injuries from shootings, beatings, or tear gas.〔Wendy Pearlman, ''Violence, Nonviolence, and the Palestinian National Movement,''Cambridge University Press 2011, (p.114 ).〕 Over six years the IDF killed an estimated 1,162–1,204〔Rami Nasrallah, 'The First and Second Palestinian Intifadas,' in Joel Peters,David Newman (eds.) (''The Routledge Handbook on the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict'' ), Routledge 2013 pp.56–68 p.61〕 Palestinians. Between 23,600-29,900 Palestinian children required medical treatment from IDF beatings in the first 2 years.〔Arthur Neslen,(''In Your Eyes a Sandstorm: Ways of Being Palestinian,'' ) University of Caslifornia Press, 2011 p.122.〕 100 Israeli civilians and 60 IDF personnel were killed〔 often by militants outside the control of the Intifada’s UNLU,〔Mient Jan Faber, Mary Kaldor, ‘The deterioration of human security in Palestine,’ in Mary Martin, Mary Kaldor (eds.) (''The European Union and Human Security: External Interventions and Missions, '' ) Routledge, 2009 pp.95-111.〕 and more than 1,400 Israeli civilians and 1,700 soldiers were injured.〔'Intifada,' in David Seddon, (ed.)''A Political and Economic Dictionary of the Middle East'', Taylor & Francis 2004, p.284.〕 Intra-Palestinian violence was also a prominent feature of the Intifada, with widespread executions of an estimated 822 Palestinians killed as alleged Israeli collaborators,(1988–April 1994).〔Human Rights Watch, ''Israel, the Occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, and the Palestinian Authority Territories'', November, 2001. Vol. 13, No. 4(E), p.49〕 At the time Israel reportedly obtained information from some 18,000 Palestinians who had been compromised,〔Amitabh Pal, (''"Islam" Means Peace: Understanding the Muslim Principle of Nonviolence Today,'' ) ABC-CLIO, 2011 p.191.〕 although fewer than half had any proven contact with the Israeli authorities.〔Lockman; Beinin (1989), p. ()〕 The ensuing Second Intifada took place from September 2000 to 2005. ==General causes== According to Mubarak Awad, a Palestinian American clinical psychologist, the Intifada was a protest against Israeli repression including "beatings, shootings, killings, house demolitions, uprooting of trees, deportations, extended imprisonments, and detentions without trial".〔Ackerman; DuVall (2000), p (407. )〕 After Israel's capture of the West Bank, Jerusalem, Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip from Jordan and Egypt in the Six-Day War in 1967, frustration grew among Palestinians in the Israeli-occupied territories. Israel opened its labor market to Palestinians in the newly occupied territories. Palestinians were recruited mainly to do unskilled or semi-skilled labor jobs Israelis did not want. By the time of the Intifada, over 40 percent of the Palestinian work force worked in Israel daily. Additionally, Israeli confiscation of Palestinian land, high birth rates in the Palestinian territories and the limited allocation of land for new building and agriculture created conditions marked by growing population density and rising unemployment, even for those with university degrees. At the time of the Intifada, only one in eight college-educated Palestinians could find degree-related work.〔Ackerman; DuVall (2000), p (401. )〕 Couple this with an expansion of a Palestinian university system catering to people from refugee camps, villages, and small towns generating new Palestinian elite from a lower social strata that was more activist and confrontational with Israel.〔Robinson, Glenn E. "The Palestinians." The Contemporary Middle East, Third Edition. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2013. 126-127.〕 The Israeli Labor Party's Yitzhak Rabin, the then Defense Minister, added deportations in August 1985 to Israel's "Iron Fist" policy of cracking down on Palestinian nationalism.〔Helena Cobban, 'The PLO and the Intifada', in Robert Owen Freedman, (ed.) ''The Intifada: its impact on Israel, the Arab World, and the superpowers,'' University Press of Florida, 1991 pp.70-106, pp.94-5.'must be considered as an essential part of the backdrop against which the intifada germinated'.(p.95)〕 This, which led to 50 deportations in the following 4 years,〔Helena Cobban, 'The PLO and the Intifada', p.94. In the immediate aftermath of the 6 Day War in 1967, some 15,000 Gazans had been deported to Egypt. A further 1,150 were deported between September 1967 and May 1978. This pattern was drastically curtailed by the Likud governments under Menachem Begin between 1978-1984.〕 was accompanied by economic integration and increasing Israeli settlements such that the Jewish settler population in the West Bank alone nearly doubled from 35,000 in 1984 to 64,000 in 1988, reaching 130,000 by the mid nineties. Referring to the developments, Israeli minister of Economics and Finance, Gad Ya'acobi, stated that "a creeping process of ''de facto'' annexation" contributed to a growing militancy in Palestinian society.〔Lockman; Beinin (1989), p. (32. )〕 During the 1980s a number of mainstream Israeli politicians referred to policies of transferring the Palestinian population out of the territories leading to Palestinian fears that Israel planned to evict them. Public statements calling for transfer of the Palestinian population were made by Deputy Defense minister Michael Dekel, Cabinet Minister Mordechai Tzipori and government Minister Yosef Shapira among others.〔 Describing the causes of the Intifada, Benny Morris refers to the "all-pervading element of humiliation", caused by the protracted occupation which he says was "always a brutal and mortifying experience for the occupied" and was "founded on brute force, repression and fear, collaboration and treachery, beatings and torture chambers, and daily intimidation, humiliation, and manipulation" 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「first intifada」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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